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Chart and compare multiple data series with accompanying data table of values

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DLX Add-ins for all versions of Excel provide instant data updates of entire workbooks

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[Matlab](http://matlab.com) by The MathWorks lets you access, visualize, and analyze historic time-series data to identify patterns or uncover complex relationships. From within a single environment you can:

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[RATS (Regression Analysis of Time Series) Econometric Software](https://estima.com) by Estima is a leading econometrics and time-series analysis software package. It provides ability to do linear and non-linear least squares, forecasting, SUR and ARIMA models and in addition, supports advanced techniques such as GMM, ARCH and GARCH models, state space models, and more.

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RATS

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A popular open source option for statistical computing and graphics that is available on many UNIX platforms, W
indows and MacOS

Estimating, evaluating, and forecasting ARIMA models

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Estimating and forecasting with vector error correction models

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Teaches econometrics and forecasting at the University of Colorado Denver. He has over 15 years of econometric experience in both the private and public sector.

Daniel L. Jerrett, Ph.D.

Abdel M. Zellou, Ph.D.

Bootcamp and Econometric Tools 1 & 2

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Haver partners with SmartMacro Labs to offer a two week immersive online course introducing participants to the power of the Python programming language. This applied hands-on training develops statistical economics skills with a concentration on economics and finance.

Gain proficiency in building modern time-series models in Python through real-world applications. Designed for professionals in both the public and private sector, the course does not require prior experience, assuming only that participants have a basic understanding of regression and statistical concepts.

Proficiency working in Jupyter notebooks and the Python environment

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Remote Training: Applied Time Series in Python

Rising long-term yields a global phenomenon

Robert Brusca

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Industrial output in the European Monetary Union continued to struggle. In November, it has advanced (for the headline series excluding construction) for the second month in row. However, a sharp drop in September leaves the three-month change in output falling at a 4.8% annual rate. Output still grows by 0.2% at an annual rate over six months but falls by 1.9% year-over-year. The output path is not draconianly weak, it is not even clearly weakening further, it is simply still challenged, fighting what appears to be still-stiff headwinds.

**Manufacturing sector trends-** Manufacturing output results are nearly the same as for the headline. Manufacturing sectors show progressive weakening from 12-months, to 6-months, to 3-months for consumer goods output. Both consumer durables and nondurable goods output show sporadic weakens but it is only when they are combined that consumer goods output as a total makes the progressive nature of weakening apparent. Intermediate goods output declines on all horizons from 12-months to 6-months to 3-months, but it is not clearly trending. Capital goods output drops over 12 months and falls even more sharply over three months but manages to make a gain over six months preventing a clear statement about the trend being made.

**EMU PMI for MFG-** The manufacturing PMI for the EMU is below 50 for each of the last two months and over three months, six months, and 12 months as well.

**QTD: Quarter-to-date-** Quarter to date IP tracking shows declines in all sectors except capital goods output. Tracking output developments since COVID arrived from January 2020-to-date, output is higher only for overall consumer goods and that is driven only by the component consumer nondurable goods output. However, capital goods output is nearly unchanged on that horizon; the current level of capital goods output is lower than its January 2020 level by only 0.5%.

**Growth rankings-** The ranking of year-on-year growth rates for November compared to all year-on-year growth rates since early-2007 shows no sector ranking higher than 38%. All rankings are below their median rates of growth over this period. The growth ranking for overall IP and for manufacturing are near their 25th percentiles marking them essentially lower quartile growth results.

**Country data**
The country data for 13 EMU members show four declines in November month-to-month following five with month-to-month declines in October and seven in September. The breadth of weakness on this measure has been diminishing. The country of declining output over 12 months, six months, and three months has been progressively falling as well -another good sign. And the median annualized growth rate has been rising over this span. However, quarter-to-date as of November, there are still seven countries showing output declines in progress with one at unchanged. Output is rising QTD in only five of thirteen EMU nations. However, in terms of growth rankings, there is relatively stronger growth only for the smallest countries in the EMU.

**Summing up**
Growth rankings are above the 50% median mark only for Finland, Greece, Belgium, and Malta. The big four economies Germany, France, Italy, and Spain, each have growth rankings below their respective historic medians with an average ranking of 26.5% - again near the lower quartile border. The EMU area is performing poorly with growth sputtering and weak growth still the order of business across sectors as well as across member nations.

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Europe

EMU Industrial Output Sputters Ahead

Kathleen Stephansen, CBE

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The Producer Price Index for final demand rose 0.2% (3.3% y/y) in December, following an increase of 0.4% (3.0% y/y) during November, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The December monthly reading compared to a 0.4% rise expected in the Action Economics Forecast Survey. Producer prices excluding food, energy & trade services edged 0.1% higher (3.3% y/y) following a similar monthly rise (3.5% y/y) in November. The PPI excluding food & energy was unchanged (3.5% y/y) in December after rising 0.2% (3.5% y/y) in November. The BLS reported that on an unadjusted basis, prices for final demand increased 3.3% in 2024 after moving up 1.1% in 2023, while prices for final demand excluding food, energy & trade services rose 3.3% in 2024 following a 2.7% advance in 2023.

Final demand food prices eased 0.1% (4.7% y/y) in December, following a rise of 2.9% (4.9% y/y) in November, revised from a rise of 3.1% (4.9% y/y). Prices for fresh and dry vegetables declined by 14.7% (+21.3% y/y), while egg prices rose 0.5% (127.9% y/y) after a surge of 55.6% over the month in November.

Energy prices increased 3.5% (-2.0% y/y) during December, after holding steady (-6.1% y/y) in November, revised from a rise of 0.2% (-6.2% y/y). Gasoline costs rose 9.7% (-2.5% y/y) while home heating oil prices rose 4.0% (-12.6% y/y). Electric power prices rose 1.0% (1.8% y/y) and natural gas costs gained 0.7% (2.2% y/y). Diesel fuel dropped 1.3% (-13.9% y/y).

Final demand goods prices excluding food & energy were unchanged over the month (2.1% y/y) during December, following a rise of 0.2% (2.2% y/y) in November. Core finished consumer goods prices increased 0.1% (2.4% y/y) after a rise of 0.3% (2.3% y/y) in November. The increase in core nondurable goods prices rose 0.1% (2.9% y/y) last month after a rise of 0.4% (2.9% y/y) in November. Durable consumer goods prices rose 0.2% (1.6% y/y) in December following a rise of 0.1% (1.3% y/y) in November. Capital equipment prices rose 0.2% (2.8% y/y) last month following a similar monthly rise (2.7% y/y) in November. Core government-purchased goods prices edged 0.1% higher (2.1% y/y) in December, after similar monthly and year-on-year rises in November.

Final demand services prices were unchanged (4.0% y/y) in December after rising 0.3% (3.9% y/y) in November. Trade services prices eased 0.1% (+4.4% y/y) last month following a rise of 0.7% (3.2% y/y). Trade of finished goods prices were unchanged (3.8% y/y) in December, after rising 0.6% (2.8% y/y) in November. Prices for final demand transportation and warehousing services rose 2.2% (2.1% y/y) last month, after falling 0.6% (-0.3% y/y) in November. Services prices less these costs fell 0.2% (+4.1% y/y) last month, after a rise of 0.2% (4.7% y/y) in November.

Construction costs rose 0.2% (1.7% y/y) in December, after holding steady (+1.6% y/y) during November.

Prices for intermediate demand of processed goods rose 0.3% (0.2% y/y) in December after holding steady (-0.6% y/y) in November. Processed energy goods prices rose 1.6% last month after easing 1.2% in November, while food prices rose 0.4% following a 0.8% advance in November.

The PPI data are published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and can be found in Haver’s **USECON** database. Further detail is contained in **PPI** and **PPIR**. The expectations figures are available in the **AS1REPNA** database.

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- Overall index rise softer than expected.
- Advance in core goods prices is steady.
- Advance in services price is steady.

U.S. PPI and Core PPI Gains Ease in December

Winnie Tapasanun

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The NFIB Small Business Optimism Index rose to 105.1 in December, the eighth m/m rise in nine months and the highest level since October 2018, after an 8.0-point rise to 101.7 in November, according to the Small Business Economic Trends survey conducted by the National Federation of Independent Business. This was the second straight month that the index was above the 51-year average of 98. The index, up from its recent low of 88.5 in March 2024 and 91.9 in December 2023, was also above a high of 102.5 in June 2021 and a high of 104.0 in October 2020. Seven of the 10 index components rose, two fell, and one was unchanged. The NFIB Small Business Uncertainty Index declined to 86 in December, the lowest level since June 2024, from 98 in November; however, it was well above its recent low of 65 in November 2023 and a low of 55 in June 2022.

The outlook for business conditions in the next six months remained positive for the second consecutive month in the latest survey. The net balance of respondents expecting the economy to improve jumped to 52% in December, the seventh m/m rise in eight months and the highest level since March 2002, on top of a 41-point surge to 36% in November; it was significantly above a record low of -61% in June 2022. Expected real sales rose to a net 22% in December after an 18-point gain to 14% in November, posting the second successive positive reading and the highest level since January 2020. The latest reading was up from a low of -21% in May 2023 and a low of -29% in July 2022. A net -13% of respondents reported higher nominal sales in the past three months, unchanged from November and registering the highest reading since June 2024. The latest result, however, was below the most recent positive reading of 1% in May 2022 and a peak of 9% in June 2021.

Plans to make capital outlays dipped to 27% in December following a six-point increase to 28% in November. These numbers were up from a low of 19% in September 2024 and a low of 19% in April 2023 but down from a high of 31% in October 2021. Plans to expand the business rose to 20% in December after an eight-point rise to 14% in November; the latest figure, up from a low of 2% in March 2023, registered the best reading since February 2020. Meanwhile, expected credit conditions increased to -2% in December, the highest reading since February 2020, from -5% in November; these readings were above a low of -11% in November 2023.

On the labor front, labor markets remained relatively tight. Forty-nine percent of respondents reported that qualified workers to fill job openings were hard to find in December, slightly up from 48% in November. These numbers were below a high of 57% in September 2023, a high of 61% in May 2022, and a peak of 62% in September 2021. A net 19% planned to increase employment in December, slightly up from 18% in November, but it was down from a high of 26% in May 2022 and a peak of 32% in August 2021. Notably, 35% reported positions not able to be filled in December, slightly down from 36% in November; these figures remained below a high of 51% in May 2022.

Overall earnings trends had remained in negative territory since December 2019. The figure was held at -26% in December and November, still a poor reading, following a one-point increase to -33% in October; these readings were below a high of -18% in March 2023 and a high of -5% in June 2021.

On the pricing front, inflation pressures, while trending down, remained at an inflationary level. The net percent raising their average selling prices held at 24% in December and November after a one-point easing to 21% in October; these numbers were slightly down from 25% in December 2023 and well below a high of 66% in March 2022. The percentage planning to raise prices registered at 28% in December and November following a one-point increase to 26% in October; these figures were below 32% in December 2023 and a high of 52% in March 2022.

Wage inflation, while relatively high, eased somewhat in the December survey. A net 29% of respondents raised compensation during the last three months, down from 32% reported in the November survey and registering the lowest reading since March 2021. It was down from a high of 46% in February 2023 and a peak of 50% in January 2022. A net 24% of firms planned to raise worker compensation in the next three months, down from an 11-month-high 28% reported in November; these numbers remained below a high of 30% in November 2023 and a high of 32% in October 2022.

Inflation continued to be an issue facing small businesses, as reported by 20% of NFIB members in December as the single most important problem. The December figure was unchanged from November and down from and a peak of 37% in July 2022. The quality of labor was the second important concern with 19% in December, unchanged from November. Other concerns (in December vs. November) included taxes (15% vs. 14%), the cost of labor (11% vs 11%), and government requirements (8% vs. 8%).

According to the Small Business Administration, there are 33 million small businesses in the United States, which employ 62 million workers. The NFIB surveys anywhere from 500 to 2000 respondents each month and the typical firm employs 10 people and reports gross sales of about $500,000 a year. The NFIB figures can be found in Haver’s **SURVEYS** database.

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- December NFIB Small Business Optimism Index up 3.4 pts. to 105.1.
- Uncertainty Index down 12 pts. to a six-month-low 86.
- Expectations for economy up 16 pts. to 52%, the highest since March 2002.
- Expected real sales up 8 pts. to 22%, the highest since January 2020.
- Inflation (20%) remains top business problem, followed by Quality of Labor (19%); both unchanged from November.

U.S. NFIB Small Business Optimism Rises Again in December; Highest Level Since October 2018

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The plot of the economy watchers readings since mid-2024 paints a pretty clear picture of the performance of the economy according to this metric. The chart shows the summary. The future conditions index, the current conditions index, and the reading for current conditions employment, have all been below diffusion values of 50 on a fairly steady basis. In addition, there has been little tendency for trend to take hold; there appears to be some modest up trending going on from early-2024 to later in the year. However, more recently we see some backfilling in terms of that progress. All told it's hard to make too much out of these readings other than to note that diffusion values have been slightly below 50, indicating slight deterioration in current conditions, in the employment market, and for expected future conditions. The results are not draconian. It's really just been a period of slight underperformance by the economy and for expectations for the future and in terms of the job market.

**December Current Index**
In December, among the nine component readings for the current index, four of them produced diffusion values above 50, indicating some net expansion. Corporate nonmanufacturers registered 50.5, the household sector generated a rating of 50.2, retailing came in at 50.4, while the services sector produced the highest reading at 51.1. All of these are readings very close to 50 and are not showing much in the way of growth. But being above 50, they are signaling some small net expansion. The contracting side of the ledger in December shows eating and drinking places with the diffusion value of 46.9, housing at 46.5, corporate manufacturers at 47.2, the overall corporate reading at 49.1, and the employment reading at 49.7. The current reading is an echo of the performance of the headlines plotted in the chart at the top, indicating a close clustering around the value of 50. There are a few sector readings with diffusion values slightly above 50 and a few with readings below 50. However, over 12 months we have net declines for all of the readings except for housing and for retailing.

Diffusion ratings pertain to month-to-month activity comparisons while the queue standings describe the December diffusion index ranked among its historic data on a longer timeline back to 2002. The ranking data put a slightly different spin on events because the current index, which is at 49.9, showing the barest decline in terms of the diffusion index, also has a queue standing at 69.6% which tells us that over this span the index has been stronger only about 30% of the time. A modest contraction is actually significantly stronger reading than Japan has been used to seeing over this 20-plus year period. Looking at the rankings across the components, we find only two have a percentile standing below their 50%-mark, employment at 29.2% along with corporate manufacturers at 47.8%.

**December Future Index**
The future index has a diffusion reading of 48.8; that shows a weakening compared to November's reading at 49.4. In December only two components have readings above the 50th percentile, services at 52.8 and nonmanufacturing corporations at 50.1; the latter is as bare bones a reading above 50 as possible. The remaining readings are below 50 indicating net contractions. The lowest being housing at 44.5, with three readings in the 47-diffusion range for corporate manufacturers, for eating and drinking establishments, and for retailing. As we saw with the current index, the 12-month change in the future index also shows a drop in the headline of 1.6 points with drops logged across most components with an increase only in nonmanufacturing corporations and an unchanged reading for retailing.

Queue percentile standings are weaker for the future index than for the current index. Its standing is only at 51.4% for the headline with four components having readings below the 50% mark, but for the most part, significantly below the 50% mark corporate manufacturers have a percentile standing at 45.1%, eating and drinking places have a ranking at 41.5%, housing has a ranking at 40.7%, and on the outlook for employment there is a reading at 30%.

On balance, the economy watchers index does not indicate much change in Japan's economy in December. The outlook deteriorates slightly from November, but it's still roughly unchanged in its diffusion value showing only slight deterioration; that continues to be the overall picture just as for the current index where deterioration continues to be the picture despite some reduction in the pace of slowing this month. The queue standings, however, show that the current index is posting numbers that are relatively firmer compared to what they've been over the last 20 years or so. The future index is much more modestly positioned compared to its historic readings.

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Japan

Economy Watchers Index Improves But Shows Shrinkage in December

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The OECD seven-country LEI rose in December and is gaining at an annual rate of 1.1% over three months, up marginally from a pace of 0.9% over six months and doubling its growth rate over 12 months. Still, all of these are modest numbers. Japan’s LEI was flat in December and shows LEI declines over three months, six months and 12-months. The U.S. shows a gain of 0.2% in December with a 1.8% annual rate rise over three months, a 1.3% pace over six months and the same 0.5% gain year-over-year as for the OECD7. The index levels show an OECD7 queue standing in its 66.8 percentile, the U.S. a tad stronger at its 68.2 percentile and Japan much weaker and below tis median pace at a 36-percentile standing.

The OECD likes to judge these indicators over six months. So, I construct six-month averages, and we see the same 0.4% U.S. and OECD7 gains on this average for its change month-to-month in December and November for both. Japan turns up flat in December on this metric and shows declines over three months and 12 months. In contrast, China shows declines on this averaged gauge in December and in November but shows growing momentum from 12-months to 6-months to 3-months. The 6-month growth rate show strength in the rankings for the U.S., China, and the OECD7. But Japan also sputters in terms of growth rates on 6-month changes with a 36-percentile standing.

The amplitude adjusted metrics show only France persistently with a reading below 100 - but Japan walks the line. The ratio to six months ago shows only Japan and Germany weakening. The queue standings show only Japan and Germany, with readings below their respective medians (values below 50%).

The OECD data are not very reassuring. While conditions show basic advancing trends, they are advancing slowly with little evidence of strength. The U.S. has the strongest standing on OECD index levels and growth rates, and they are largely in the 68th and 81st percentile ranges. Germany and Japan sport 36-percentile standings for their LEI index levels on amplitude adjusted readings. These are very weak reading for two important economies.

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OECD LEIS Creep Ahead

Tian Yong Woon

In our first economic letter of the year, we focus on China. Despite positive economic surprises in recent months (Chart 1) and growth now on track to meet the “around 5%” target, China’s recovery remains uneven and subject to downside risk. In response, China’s authorities have rolled out more fiscal and monetary easing measures (Chart 2), broadening both their scale and their scope. However, some observers continue to question whether these measures will be effective, particularly in addressing deeper structural issues.

Amid expectations of low interest rates and concerns about a deflationary spiral, investors have bought more Chinese bonds, driving yields to record lows (Chart 3). The continued decline in bond yields prompted the authorities to intervene on Friday and halt further bond purchases. Looking ahead, China faces several challenges, with US trade policy, in particular, a key concern (Chart 4).

Ahead of potential US trade actions, producers and importers have taken precautionary steps, boosting supplies, and thereby driving China’s export growth in recent months (Chart 5). Nonetheless, export prices have continued to decline, and the yuan has weakened further. Against this backdrop there will be much interest in this week’s upcoming data releases, including the highly anticipated Q4 GDP report (Chart 6).

**Recent developments**
Although there have been some positive developments, lingering macroeconomic challenges persist. On the one hand, the extent of economic surprises in China, as shown in Chart 1, remains largely positive, with a flurry of positive surprises late last year. On the other hand, concerns in sectors like the property market continue to weigh on the economy. Moreover, the pace of China’s economic recovery remains uneven across sectors, as reflected in the latest PMI readings. The manufacturing sector shows only mild expansions, while the non-manufacturing sector continues to grow at a faster pace. Nonetheless, President Xi has recently stated that China is on track to meet its growth target of "around 5%" for 2024. China’s real GDP growth has certainly stayed close to the 5% target, narrowly missing it with a 4.8% year-over-year growth in Q3.

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China’s authorities have pledged continued support for the economy. On the fiscal front, leaders have committed to increasing the budget deficit to 4% of GDP while maintaining a growth target of "around 5%", thereby providing more room for expenditure. Additionally, authorities have reportedly agreed to significantly increase special bond issuance to 3 trillion yuan ($409 billion) in 2025, setting a new annual record. To further stimulate consumption, the government announced an expansion of the home appliance trade-in subsidy program, increasing the eligible items from eight to twelve. Additionally, millions of government workers received pay raises, boosting their disposable income and potentially driving greater consumption. On the monetary side, the People’s Bank of China (PBoC) has reaffirmed its "moderately loose" policy stance, promising to further reduce the reserve requirement ratio and interest rates, though the timing of these moves remains unclear. While these measures signal a clear intent to support the economy, some observers argue that they may not be sufficient to spark a robust recovery. Others, however, believe that the cautious approach is appropriate given the current circumstances.

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The recent rally in China’s bond markets appears to be fuelled by expectations of continued monetary easing and concerns over a potential deflationary spiral, among other factors. Investors have stepped up their purchases of Chinese bonds, driving yields to record lows, with the 10-year government bond yield at one point falling below 1.6%, as shown in Chart 3. This stands in contrast to the US, where government bond yields have risen due to a market reassessment of Fed rate cuts and expectations surrounding President-elect Trump’s policies. China's December CPI reading, which dropped to a nine-month low of just 0.1% year-on-year, has further heightened concerns of deflation. These factors have reignited fears of a potential "Japanification" of China, drawing parallels to the 1990s when Japan experienced leverage, persistently low inflation (and often deflation) as well as weak consumption.

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**Looming headwinds, anticipatory moves**
Adding to China’s challenges are potential actions from incoming US President Trump, who has maintained a hawkish stance on China as America’s economic rival. At the core of Trump’s position is his dissatisfaction with China’s large and persistent current account surplus with the US, primarily driven by trade (Chart 4), and concerns about its impact on the US economy. Additional worries focus on China’s overcapacity, which has supported export growth, and the extensive use of state subsidies that were perceived to have harmed US industries. As a result, Trump’s proposed solution—tariffs as high as 60% on Chinese exports to the US—could undermine one of China’s few remaining growth drivers, namely trade.

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Producers and importers of Chinese goods have taken proactive steps in response to expected headwinds, with exports growing by double digits in October and December ahead of Trump’s return to office. Despite this, export prices have continued to decline (Chart 5), a trend some attribute to ongoing overcapacity in China. In response to potential US tariff actions, producers have also taken steps such as reorganizing supply chains and outsourcing from other economies. On the currency side, the yuan, along with many other Asian currencies, has depreciated significantly against the US dollar, which has made Chinese exports cheaper. However, whether a weaker yuan can fully offset the impact of looming US tariffs on China remains uncertain.

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**Upcoming data**
Looking ahead to the coming week, China’s data releases will be pivotal for investors in shaping their views on the economy. Along with its usual monthly reports, including retail sales, industrial production, unemployment, and house prices, China will release the highly anticipated Q4 GDP data (Chart 6), providing greater clarity on the economy's performance in 2024. Analysts will be keen to assess whether the recent easing measures are beginning to yield positive effects. Additionally, attention will likely turn to domestic travel and spending patterns during the upcoming Chinese New Year holidays later in the month, as these may offer insights into consumer sentiment and spending behaviour in period ahead.

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Asia

Economic Letter From Asia: On China

Peter D'Antonio

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December payroll employment gains of 256,000 far exceeded expectations of a 150,000 rise, pointing to a resilient economy and suggesting that the Fed may be on hold for longer than previously anticipated. Uncertainty about the course of Fed policy has heightened focus on the employment report in recent months, as markets have tried to gauge the pace of policy easing. Today’s figures gave the first clean reading on the labor market in several months after distortions from weather and strikes.

The reading from the household survey was very strong as well. The unemployment rate edged down to 4.1% in December from 4.2% in November. Markets had expected an unchanged reading of 4.2%. The December unemployment rate decline reflected a solid rise in the labor force of 243,000, a jump in employment of 478,000, and a decline in unemployment of 235,000.

The household survey revealed that the number of job leavers jumped for the second straight month, suggesting increased confidence in the labor market. Also, the number of people working part-time for economic reasons fell for the fourth consecutive month.

Payrolls have been extremely volatile in recent months. Three of the past five readings have exceeded 200,000, while the other two figures fell short of 100,000. Through this volatility, the underlying trend over six-month spans hovered near 140,000 by November. The December figure pushed the six-month average payroll gain up to 165,000.

The December gain in payrolls was widespread across services. Goods-producing payrolls declined by 8,000, reflecting continued weakness in manufacturing. But private services added 231,000, which was the biggest gain since May 2023. Within services, healthcare and social assistance continued to post the biggest gain at 70,000, with leisure and hospitality adding 43,000. Government employment remained solid as well, rising 33,000.

While the payroll gains were undoubtedly strong, the average workweek and average hourly earnings did not signal renewed strength. The workweek remained at a lackluster 34.3 hours and hourly earnings increased by 0.3%. That lowered the year-to-year rise to 3.9%, probably reflecting the ongoing normalization of job openings.

The strength in this report suggests that Fed policy will remain tighter for longer. The bond market already has responded, with the 10-year Treasury yield rising 6bps to 4.74%, which is the highest since October 2023. Futures prices also suggest that markets are pushing out the timing of expected rate cuts. It will be important to monitor future employment reports to see if the December strength continues.

The labor market data are contained in Haver's **USECON** database. Detailed figures are in the **EMPL** and **LABOR** databases. The expectations figures are in the **AS1REPNA** database.

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- Widespread job gains in December.
- Jobless rate edges down.
- Earnings pressures ease.


Strong Payroll Report Signals Economic Resilience

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French retail sales volumes fell by 0.1% in November after falling by 0.1% in October; July was the last month to produce a month-to-month increase in retail sales volumes. In July 2024, those volumes increased by 0.2%. Sales volume trends in France continue to be weak.

Year-over-year growth rates for all products show a 0.1% decline in volume which has a 51.7 percentile rank on data back to mid-2007. Among the various categories, food purchases have a sub-50-percentile ranking as do electronics and the sales of new autos. These sub-50-percentile rankings indicate that the current year-over-year growth rates are below the median growth rate for year-over-year sales since mid-2007. It's unusual to see food rank so low; however, automobiles and electronics certainly count as discretionary purchases and if the economy is under pressure we would expect to see some weakness in electronics and in auto sales; that appears to be the case in France.

Other categories show sales rankings that range from firm-to-strong. Strong sales emerged in footwear, a small-ticket item, where an 84.2 percentile standing derives from a year-over-year growth rate of 7.2%. Household appliances, a heftier household expenditure, show a 5.1% increase in sales volumes for an 81.8 percentile standing, also a strong result. Furniture sales, where the growth rate is a milder 1.3%, still scores a 71.3 percentile standing for this period. Textile sales are up by 1.5% year-on-year, which scores an above-median 67-percentile standing. For all industrial goods, a 0.5% increase in spending marks a 56.5 percentile standing overall, a small gain above its historic median rate.

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France continues to struggle with growth. It also is facing political instability which creates problems of its own. Globally the political guard is changing and a lot of Western countries as well as in Japan show political fallout from policies pursued during COVID. These policies have generated voter dissatisfaction and have led to demands for change. Of course, the parties that are being displaced in this process claim that they are being removed for global conditions that were beyond their control, but people generally feel that the policies pursued in each instance were policies that were not really warranted by circumstances or that in some cases policies are believed to have made matters worse. There is a great deal of recrimination and denial post-Covid and the full facts still are not out. Leaks from the German Koch institute provide a peek into Covid policies and cooperation among G7 countries ([here](https://www.heise.de/en/news/RKIFiles-Whistleblower-leaks-unredacted-minutes-of-the-Corona-crisis-team-9812035.html)). These leaks and allegations help to explain the loss of political trust.

Since early-2024, French auto purchases have turned decidedly and consistently weak. France scored as weak at 27.4% in its EMU sentiment index ranking for December. French retailing in the EMU Commission survey has a 22.3 percentile standing (lower one-fourth to fifth in its queue of historic results), making it weaker than the EMU overall on retail confidence and the weakest among the four largest EMU economies: Germany, Italy, Spain, and France. Interestingly, the two largest EMU economies, Germany and France, have the weakest relative consumer scores in this December survey. Both countries are also working through political change.

France

French Retailing Shows Weakness

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Total housing starts jumped 15.8% m/m to a higher-than-expected 1.499 million units at a seasonally adjusted annual rate (SAAR) in December after declines of 3.7% to 1.294 million in November (-1.8% m/m, 1.289 million initially) and 0.8% to 1.344 million in October (-3.2% m/m, 1.312 million previously), data from the U.S. Census Bureau showed. The Action Economics Forecast Survey had expected 1.320 million starts for December. The December reading was the first m/m rise since August and the highest level since February 2024. The year-on-year rate was at -4.4% in December, the smallest y/y decline since September and less severe than -14.3% in November; it was +17.0% y/y in December 2023. Starts were 18.0% below a recent peak of 1.828 million in April 2022. During all of 2024, housing starts fell 4.0% after falling 8.4% in 2023 and 3.3% in 2022.

Single-family starts rose 3.3% (-2.6% y/y) to 1.050 million in December on top of a 7.7% rise to 1.016 million in November (1.011 million initially), registering the fourth m/m rise in five months and the highest level since February 2024. They reached a high of 1.222 million in November 2021 and a high of 1.286 in December 2020. Multi-family starts surged 61.5% (-8.4% y/y) to 449,000, the highest level since December 2023, reversing a 30.7% November decrease to 278,000. They reached a high of 624,000 units in November 2022 and a high of 627,000 units in April 2022.

Housing starts gained in all the major regions except in the West. Starts in the Northeast jumped 40.2% (22.7% y/y) to a three-month-high 157,000 in December, the third m/m increase in four months, after a 2.8% rebound in November. Starts in the Midwest recovered 20.0% (1.0% y/y) to 204,000, up for the second month in three, following a 32.5% November slump. Starts in the South advanced 17.7% (0.1% y/y) to 853,000, the highest level since February 2024, following a 10.2% November rise and two consecutive m/m declines. To the downside, starts in the West fell 0.7% (-26.2% y/y) to 285,000 on top of an 11.7% decrease, registering the third m/m fall in four months and the lowest level since July 2024. Notably, the South continued to post the largest level figure (853,000) for housing starts among the four regions. It showed a peak of 1.048 million in April 2022.

Building permits slid 0.7% (-3.1% y/y) to 1.483 million in December, the third m/m slide in four months, following a 5.2% rise to 1.493 million in November (compared to 1.493 million recently revised on December 23 and 1.505 million initially reported on December 18). They reached a high of 1.915 million in January 2022 and a high of 1.883 million in January 2021. Single-family permits rose 1.6% (-2.5% y/y) to 992,000, the third straight m/m rise and the highest level since February 2024, after a 0.5% increase to 976,000. They reached a high of 1.251 million in January 2022 and a high of 1.250 in January 2021. Multi-family permits fell 5.0% (-4.3% y/y) to 491,000, down for the third month in four, after having recovered 15.4% to 517,000. They reached a peak of 813,000 units in February 2023 and a high of 799,000 units in June 2022.

The housing starts and permits figures can be found in Haver's **USECON** database. The expectations figure is contained in the **AS1REPNA** database.

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- Housing starts +15.8% (-4.4% y/y) to 1.499 mil. in Dec. vs. -3.7% (-14.3% y/y) to 1.294 mil. in Nov.
- Single-family starts highest since Feb. ’24; multi-family starts highest since Dec. ’23.
- Housing starts up m/m and y/y in the Northeast, Midwest and South but down in the West.
- Building permits fall for the third month in four, due to a drop in multi-family permits.

U.S. Housing Starts Rebound in December; Highest Level Since February 2024

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Andrew Cates

A steep sell-off in global bond markets has dominated financial headlines over the past week or so, drawing intense scrutiny from investors and policymakers alike (chart 1). The implications of this for the global economy, however, will depend on the underlying drivers that have been fuelling the rout. With our charts this week, we examine the data to identify some of the likely culprits. Inflation concerns are front and centre, with rising consumer prices in recent months (chart 2) reigniting fears of tighter monetary policy. Waning overseas demand, particularly from Japan and China (charts 3 and 4), may also be playing a significant role. Meanwhile, quantitative tightening (chart 5) has possibly siphoned liquidity from financial markets, while fiscal policy uncertainties are further rattling investor confidence. The easy conclusion is that all these factors—ranging from inflationary pressures to fiscal risks—are complicit to varying degrees. However, whether this marks the beginning of a broader reckoning or merely a passing squall hinges on how incoming data now evolve and how policymakers respond to these challenges. On that first point, weaker-than-expected inflation data from the US and UK this week appear to have stopped the rot for now (chart 6). On the latter, a new US administration could add another layer of unpredictability and the coming weeks could prove pivotal in shaping market expectations and the trajectory of the global economy.

<iframe style="border-radius:12px" src="https://open.spotify.com/embed/episode/6C34mSDIvw6rPyTLMDSYso?utm_source=generator" width="100%" height="152" frameBorder="0" allowfullscreen="" allow="autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; picture-in-picture" loading="lazy"></iframe>

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