Economy in Brief

This week, we examine recent developments in US-China trade and assess the broader implications of US trade actions for the BRIC bloc—Brazil, Russia, India, and China. Last week, the US and China extended their tariff truce by 90 days, a move welcomed by equity markets (chart 1). While this pause eased fears of renewed trade tensions, it remains temporary and fragile, with no durable resolution in sight.

As for China’s economy, July data disappointed: retail sales, industrial production, and fixed-asset investment all missed expectations (chart 2). This may signal that tariffs are beginning to bite, as earlier growth drivers—such as some front-loading of imports and one-off consumption boosts like China’s durable-goods subsidy—are fading (chart 3). Newer measures, including loan-interest subsidies, may provide some interim relief. Meanwhile, the property sector remains under heavy strain, with further price and investment declines evidenced in July (chart 4).

In the broader regional context, US trade measures may inadvertently push trading partners closer together, complicating Washington’s bilateral strategy. The BRIC bloc shows tentative signs of greater alignment, though this has yet to appear in data for trade flows (chart 5). China and India, however, are warming toward one another: Foreign Minister Wang Yi’s visit to India this week—focused on the Himalayan border among other issues—suggests an improving dialogue. Separately, discussions at the national level to restart direct flights between the two countries also signal a thaw. Full economic integration remains distant, but the scale of both economies suggests significant potential if relations continue to improve (chart 6).

The US-China tariff truce Last week, the US and China announced a 90-day extension to their mutual tariff truce. Although largely expected, the move still generated further equity market gains (see chart 1). This contrasts sharply with worst-case scenarios earlier this year, when tensions peaked and Washington imposed sweeping tariffs of 145% on Chinese imports — levels that would have severely disrupted global trade and growth if sustained. Instead, both sides agreed to keep additional tariffs at 10% until November 10, allowing more time to pursue a durable trade deal. Still, this is merely a pause rather than progress.

Industrial production in Japan broke higher in June rising by 2.1% month-to-month after declining 0.2% in May and by 1% in April. Manufacturing output rose by 2.4% in June. Main manufacturing sectors show consumer goods output fell by 2.5% on the month, intermediate goods output rose by 1.3%, and investment goods output rose by 2.3%. Outside of manufacturing, mining output fell by 3.1% while utilities- gas and electric - output grew by 4.7%, erasing several months of declines.

Sequential growth rates show total industry output gaining momentum rising 2.8% over 12 months, at a 4.4% annual rate over six months and stepping back only slightly to a 3.6% growth rate over three months. Manufacturing output has been relatively firm and steady over 12 months, six months and three months. Consumer goods output has been more mercurial in its behavior, rising 3.8% over 12 months, stepping up to an 11.2% annual rate of expansion over six months but then falling at a 3.7% annual rate over three months. Intermediate goods output, on the other hand, has shown steady but slow-paced expansion, rising 0.1% over 12 months, at a 1% annual rate over six months and at a 0.8% annual rate over three months. Investment goods output has been accelerating; it has a surging 5.6% growth rate over 12 months, which steps up to 8.9% over six months and steps up again to a 13.6% annual rate over three months. The capital goods part of Japan's economy appears to be doing quite well in contrast mining where declines occur on all these horizons and at an accelerating pace of contraction. Electric utility & gas output accelerates through 12-months to 6-months to 3-months.

On a quarter-to-date basis, output grew at a 1.2% annual rate in the just-completed second quarter. Consumer goods output and intermediate goods output increased by less than 1% in the quarter while investment goods output rose at a 3.5% annual rate.

The far-right hand column shows the change in output compared to January 2020. The result shows negative numbers for all the entries in the table except for utilities usage which is up by only 6.4% over this 5 1/2-year period. However, output in the other sectors shows declines. There's been no increase - no net increase - in output over this 5 1/2-year span. This is a real testament to the kind of lethargy that Japan's economy has been through during this period.