Economy in Brief

Danish confidence continues to post negative values in July. The July confidence reading is slightly worse than in June, but its negative reading is not as deeply negative as in May, although it comes in right on its three-month average. Sequentially the average readings for Danish confidence are improving from -23.5 on its 12-month average of a year ago, to a -8.9 average over the most recent 12 months, to a -6.7 average over the recent six months, and to average -5.4 over the last three months.

Danish trend The chart shows a relatively rapid improvement in confidence from late-2022 to mid-2023. Since then, the improving gradient has been less steep but still shows steady, if not monotonic, improvement. This month’s backtracking is not unusual as there have been five monthly backtracks over the last 12 months even as the index improved by 4.7 points on balance, an average monthly gain of about 0.4 points per month. This is normal volatility, not at all unusual.

The chart also plots the Danish figure against the Sentix gauge for the EMU. That relationship shows a tracking of Denmark with the Sentix gauge, with Sentix being the more volatile reading. Currently both Denmark and Sentix are on improving trends and each have negative readings.

Environmental standings The Danish data show readings for confidence and a separate set of readings pertaining to the environment. The environmental readings are mostly higher than the percentile standings of other conditions and their future values except for inflation. Inflation expectations in Denmark are still elevated.

Notably the environment shows standings for most environmental variables in their mid- to upper-fiftieth percentiles leaving the rankings moderately above their period medians (medians occur at a rank of 50). The exception here is a weak 17.3 percentile standing for the favorability of the time to purchase, but that improves to a 57-percentile standing on the outlook for the next 12 months.

Confidence Consumer confidence itself has a ranking at its 16th percentile with weaker readings for the 12-month outlook that for the last 12-months for the components ‘financial situation’ as well as for the ‘general economy.’ The outlook standings for these two components have values in the 7th percentile (Financial Situation) to the nearly 18th percentile (General Economy), both quite weak.

The unemployment trend for the next 12 months has been fluctuating at a value of +7. That has a 65.5 percentile standing. That puts expectations for unemployment moderately above its historic median, which is slightly uncomfortable.

Inflation expectations are lower on the outlook than the look-back over 12 months, but both have elevated standings with the backward-looking standing at 87.6% and the outlook still high at 70.9%.

The National Bank of Belgium Consumer Confidence Indicator fell to -5 in July from -1 in June. It stands one point above where it stood in January 2020 before COVID struck. Since the early-1990s, the index has been lower than its current value about 59% of the time, marking it as above its historic median by a modest amount, near the upper one trend of its historic queue of values.

The assessment of the economic situation for the next 12 months deteriorated slightly in July, as it fell by one point. The backward-looking assessment by comparison worsened by 3 points compared to June. The outlook has a weak 29.6 percentile standing.

Price trends show more inflation ahead is expected while looking backward participants see slightly less pressure on a month-to-month comparison. The look-ahead on inflation has a 20.2 percentile standing, marking it as low historically.

The look-ahead on unemployment is higher in July, rising to 19 from 12 in June. That index number on expectations has a 41-percentile standing, below its historic median (the median occurs at a ranking of 50). While it is up month-to-month, it is lower than the May reading of 23 but higher than the year-ago reading of 15. Unemployment expectations are somewhat volatile and close to historic norms.

The financial situation is little-changed month-to-month. The next 12-month assessment improved by 3 points month-to-month, the look backward shows conditions worsened in July compared to June but only by a tick, and the current appraisal remained dead flat at a reading of 23. Unfortunately, the look-ahead, which is most important, produces the lowest standing among these three horizons. The look ahead rank standing has been weaker about one-third of the time, the look backward at the last 12 months has been better only about 30% of the time, and the current assessment is at a strong 89.6 percentile standing. While the current situation is quite strong, the outlook is poor. There is a good deal of let-down between how things appear now, and what is expected for the financial situation ahead. That is disconcerting.

Household savings over the next 12 months worsened to a reading of 16 in July from 20 in June. This reading has an 85.3 percentile standing. The assessment on the favorability of the environment to save has a 91.4 percentile standing. That response improved by one tick in the month.

In this week's newsletter, we return our focus to China, which has recently released its latest economic data and concluded its Third Plenum meeting. While acknowledging disappointing economic indicators, we also recognize China's shift away from pursuing growth for its own sake, moving instead toward prioritizing the quality of its growth. However, we highlight persistent weaknesses in China's property sector, amid continued declines in property prices despite support measures announced earlier this year. Turning to the Third Plenum meeting, which provided limited details and signaled no major policy changes, we emphasize China's renewed emphasis on “Chinese modernization” and "high-quality development". We discuss the country's ongoing challenges, particularly its growing trade surplus with the rest of the world, the resulting trade frictions, and accusations of overcapacity and dumping.

Broadly reviewing our findings, it is evident that China's strategic focus on shifting towards high-quality growth remains steadfast. However, the economy must contend with several challenges. These include uneven growth momentum, escalating debt levels, lingering weaknesses in consumer and business sentiment, potential trade-related actions by other economies, and a fragile property sector. Therefore, we might observe ongoing challenges for the Chinese economy in the near term before growth gains an even footing. It is perhaps in response to these challenges that the central bank decided earlier today to lower several policy rates by 10 basis points each. Namely, the 7-day reverse repo rate now stands at 1.7%, while the one-year loan prime rate (LPR) has been reduced to 3.35% and the five-year LPR to 3.85%.

China’s recent dataflow The latest dataflow from China has been largely disappointing. GDP growth slowed to 4.7% y/y in Q2, marking the slowest pace of growth in five quarters (Chart 1). Monthly data releases revealed more specific setbacks: retail sales growth unexpectedly dropped to 2% y/y in June, and industrial production growth cooled to 5.3%. Looking more broadly, however, it can also be argued that China's slowing economic growth was inevitable, given its stage of development and the challenges it faces, such as an ageing population. This is notwithstanding significant leaps in productivity brought about by technological advances. Furthermore, China has been restructuring its economy, shifting its focus from pursuing high growth rates for their own sake to prioritizing the quality of growth. This includes assessing the sources and drivers of growth, a topic we will explore further below in an upcoming segment.

U.K. retail sales in June fell by 1.3% after rising by 3.3% in May and falling by 2% month-to-month in April. The performance of two key industries, the food, beverages & tobacco complex, as well as clothing & footwear follows the same pattern with June declines, May increases, and April drops. April showers may have brought May flowers but then June sales soured.

Sequentially U.K. retail sales rise by 0.6% over 12 months, accelerate to an 8.3% annual rate over six months, but then decline at a 0.7% annual rate over three months.

Real sales Retail sales volumes, which refer to retail sales adjusted for price, show the same pattern as the overall retail sales, declining by 1.2% in June, rising by 2.9% in May, and then falling by 1.5% in April. U.K. retail sales volumes fall by 0.2% over 12 months, accelerate to a 7.6% annual rate of increase over six months and then slow but continue to rise at a 0.4% annual rate over three months. The retail sales pattern is not clear on whether acceleration or even growth is going to endure because the 3-month growth rate is so low, but there has been a strong improvement over six months and retail sales volumes numbers show only a slight decline over 12 months. On balance, this retail sales pattern is consistent with the idea that U.K. retail sales are stabilizing and are ready to continue to advance. Certainly, the performance of consumer confidence suggests that that's what's waiting in the wings; however, the trends themselves are indeterminate.

Car registrations One volatile element of consumer spending is spending on passenger cars. Passenger car registrations had risen strongly for two months in a row, gaining 3.1% in June and 3.3% in May. Those two very solid and strong months, however, follow an even larger decline of 8.8% in April. As a result, passenger car registrations reveal a decelerating profile based on the sequential growth rates. Over 12 months passenger car registrations rise at a 2.4% pace, over six months they fall at a 4.7% annual rate, and over three months they fall at an 11.1% annual rate. The persistent decline in spending on this big-ticket item is a bit unsettling, but on the other hand, the 3-month growth rate gets all its weakness from April whereas June and May show a sharp rebound after that April decline. Even though we're looking at sequential deterioration, it is sequential deterioration with some optimistic results being reported in the recent two months.

CBI surveys and confidence U.K. retail surveys on the month from the Confederation of British Industry (CBI) show sales for the time of year with a -41 diffusion assessment in June compared to a +22 in May. The volume of orders year-over-year register a net diffusion reading of -3 in June compared to +38 in May. Both those series posted negative numbers in April. The ups and downs of the CBI series follow the ups and downs of both real and nominal retail sales in the most recent three months. The CBI survey of retail sales for time of year does not offer a clear pattern either. When we look at the change from 12-months to 6-months, to 3-months, there is no clear trend. However, over each horizon, ‘sales for time of year’ post a negative number. The ‘volume of orders year-over-year’ logs a negative number over 12 months but then two positive numbers over three months and six months. But there is no steady progression in place so as the trend indicator there's no clarity in the volume of orders. Over three and six months, both readings are now positive numbers. Consumer confidence has a positive reading in April, May, and June that also shows consistently positive readings over three months, six months, and 12 months.

Quarter to date The quarter-to-date metrics, which are at this point for completed Q2 in the U.K., show declines in nominal sales in food and clothing industries as well as a decline in retail sales volumes and a decline for passenger car registrations. CBI retail sales for the time of year and CBI order volumes year-over-year both post negative numbers although GfK consumer confidence shows an increase. The second quarter was not particularly good for retail sales or their indicators in the U.K.

Growth has been quite weak In addition, the far-right hand column gives us the standings of the indicators and the growth rates on data back to early 2000. On that basis, sales have been weaker than they currently are only 10.8% of the time, although real volumes are holding up better: they have been weaker 28% of the time. Passenger car registrations have a standing at 56.5% which means they are above their median and have been stronger less than 45% of the time. The CBI survey has continued to spin out weak numbers with the retail sales ‘for time of year’ lower than the current reading only 5.4% of the time historically. The CBI ‘volume of orders year-over-year’ historically has been weaker only 26.1% of the time. Consumer confidence is closer to neutral with a 45.1 percentile standing a data back to early 2000s.