Economy in Brief

In the wake of U.S. tariff implementation, we, of course, look for evidence of the impact of that action on global trade performance. In the July trade report for the EMU, there is little direct evidence of a draconian impact on trade in the EMU that coincides with changes in U.S. trade policy. Of course, the EMU picture is of the external trade of that community with the world and not just the United States. But such dire predictions had been made of the impact of U.S. tariff policy that it is very worthwhile to note that such cataclysm has not appeared. Has there been some trade impact? Certainly! Has there been some increases in uncertainty? Yes. But nothing has brought global trade to a screeching halt. In fact, the Baltic Dry goods index shows a rise in trade volumes since early 2025. The current level is comparable to or higher than 2024 and last persistently stronger in 2022.

The euro area trade surplus at 5.3bln euros is higher in July than in June but is much weaker than its 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month averages. In round numbers, the 3-month average is €8bln, the 6-month average is €15bln and the 12-month average is €13bln. So, July runs at less than half the pace of the 12-month average. That may be evidence of U.S. tariff impact.

The overall balance sees disproportionately large-looking effect because it is smaller…smaller than what? Well, the manufacturing surplus is at 27bln euros in July, up by 3bln euros from June, about 3bln euros below the 3-month average of 30bln euros and about 8bln euros below the 12-month average. An eight billion drop on a level of 35bln seems smaller than and eight billion euro drop on 13 bln…but eight billion euros are eight billion euros- but that is only 2.2% of total exports. How we view relativity is important. Is that the draconian U.S. tariff impact?

The nonmanufacturing deficit in the EMU is almost unchanged by month or on any average (at minus 22bln euros).

Growth rates for manufacturing exports show contraction and a worsening trend from 12-months to 6-months to 3-months. This is not so for nonmanufacturing exports that log a strong double-digit rise over three months. EMU manufacturing imports show very steady slow growth with modest decay… not so for nonmanufacturing imports that log strong double-digit gains over three months.

Country level trends By country, German exports show growth rate erosion, French exports show acceleration, Italy shows a slowdown but at a still-strong double-digit pace for three months. Finland, Portugal, and Belgium show exports in a state of decline or weakness- mostly decline. The United Kingdom, not an EU member, shows an erratic trend but with 3-month export growth in double digits. There is some export weakness here to be sure but nothing that looks very severe.

On the import side, German imports melt down to a 3-month low annualized pace of +0.1%. French imports speed up to a 6.6% pace over 3 months. The U.K. looks at positive- if irregular- import growth.

Japan’s PPI data reveal that not all the inflation measures are flashing danger or warning signals. Japan's preferred CPI gauge that excludes energy & fresh food, for example, is one of the hottest gauges of inflation. It happens to be the gauge that the Bank of Japan emphasizes the most and so it has put policy somewhat on edge worried about inflation.

However, the other Japanese metrics are not showing the same degree of inflation that that one is showing. The PPI from Japan was up by 0.2% for the second month in a row in August after falling by 0.2% in June – a very restrained performance. The 12-month inflation rate is 2.7% that falls to 1.1% over six months, then to 0.6% over three months – all at annual rates. For all of manufacturing, the PPI is up by 1.6% over 12 months, flat over six months and then back up to 1.3% over three months; none of these are particularly troubling inflation gauges although I recognize that the PPI is not the CPI and this is not the target of monetary policy.

Still, for Japan, it's reassuring to see that inflation is not simply running wild. In fact, when viewed in several different ways, it's actually rather controlled.

Viewing inflation in Japan and the context of trends in the United States and then the European monetary Union, we find that the broad pressure inflation is concentrated in the U.S. although it may not be tariff-related. In Europe, inflation is broadly controlled. The U.S. is showing the most pressure and of course it has the strongest economy, and it also has an ongoing problem with tariffs that are putting some extra measure of pressure on prices. The U.S. PPI generates a very strong inflation rate over three months - and even an elevated 12-month reading of 3.5%. However, we don't see anything like that coming out of the European Monetary Union where year-over-year inflation is barely positive even though over the most recent three months inflation has accelerated to a 2.2% annualized rate. That's still a relatively subdued rate.

In Japan, the ordinary CPI and the core show relatively subdued inflation over the last year. The headline CPI is 3.1% over 12 months, but it dives under 2% over six months and to a 2.2% pace over three months. Japan's core is only 1.6% over 12 months and its annual rates are under 2% for six months as well as for three months. The inflation situation in Japan, particularly for producer prices, seems to be in pretty good shape with the quarter-to-date inflation rate for the PPI at 0.6% and for all of manufacturing at 0.8%. With oil prices remaining moderate, the outlook for inflation to remain in this more moderate range is still good, and Japan continues to have weak growth; demand should not be putting pressure on inflation. The Bank of Japan should be relatively happy with Japan's producer price number, the domestic corporate goods price index for August.